其他语言实现

主流编程语言

主流编程语言派系

根据编程范式和设计哲学的演进关系，主流的编程语言可以划分为以下派系：

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一、C语言系

核心特征：底层控制、高性能、系统级开发

• C语言：结构化编程的基石，广泛应用于操作系统（如Linux内核）、嵌入式系统等领域
• C++：在C基础上引入面向对象特性，支持多范式编程，用于游戏引擎（如Unreal）、高频交易系统等
• Rust：继承C/C++的底层控制能力，但通过所有权系统实现内存安全，成为系统编程的新标杆（如操作系统Redox）

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二、Java系

核心特征：JVM生态、跨平台、企业级应用

• Java：面向对象语言标杆，Android原生开发语言（2019年前），企业级后台首选（如Spring框架）
• Kotlin：完全兼容Java的现代语言，2017年被谷歌定为Android官方开发语言，语法更简洁
• Scala：融合面向对象与函数式编程，用于大数据处理（如Apache Spark）

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三、C#系

核心特征：.NET框架、微软生态、跨平台演进

• C#：语法与Java高度相似，广泛用于Windows桌面应用（WPF）、游戏开发（Unity引擎）
• F#：.NET平台上的函数式语言，适合金融建模和数据分析

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四、脚本语言系

核心特征：动态类型、解释执行、快速开发

• Python：多范式语言，主导AI（TensorFlow）、数据科学（Pandas）领域
• Ruby：以"程序员友好"著称，Ruby on Rails框架推动Web开发革新
• JavaScript：浏览器端统治级语言，Node.js使其拓展至服务端（如Express框架）
• PHP：专为Web开发设计，WordPress等CMS系统的核心语言

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五、函数式语言系

核心特征：不可变数据、高阶函数、声明式风格

• Haskell：纯函数式语言，学术研究与金融领域应用广泛
• Erlang/Elixir：基于Actor模型的并发语言，支撑电信级系统（如WhatsApp消息系统）
• Clojure：Lisp方言运行于JVM，适合高并发场景

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六、新生代系统语言

核心特征：内存安全、并发友好、现代化语法

• Go：谷歌开发的C系变种，内置协程（goroutine）简化并发，云原生基础设施主流语言（如Docker/Kubernetes）
• Swift：苹果推出的Obj-C替代品，语法接近Python，用于iOS/macOS开发生态

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七、特殊领域语言

• SQL：声明式数据库查询语言
• R：统计分析与可视化专精
• MATLAB：工程计算与仿真领域标准工具

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范式交叉现象：现代语言多支持混合范式，例如：

• Python可同时用于OOP和函数式编程
• JavaScript ES6+引入类语法和箭头函数
• Rust在系统语言中引入函数式特性

Python

• Website: https://www.python.org/
• GitHub Repo: https://github.com/python/cpython

Python Ecosystem

Dependency Management

pip

The Python package installer

• Documentation: https://pip.pypa.io/
• GitHub Repo: https://github.com/pypa/pip

Java

• Website: https://www.java.com/, https://dev.java/
• JDK 24 Documentation: https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/24/

Java Ecosystem

Dependency Management

Repository: https://mvnrepository.com/

Maven

Maven, a Yiddish word meaning accumulator of knowledge (refer)

• Website: https://maven.apache.org/
• GitHub Repo: https://github.com/apache/maven-sources

Gradle

"Gradle"这个词来自于英语单词"gradual"（渐进）和"ale"（一种酒类）的合成，因此形成了"Gradle"。这个名称的灵感源于Gradle构建工具的设计理念，即通过渐进式的方式来构建和管理项目。

• Website: https://gradle.org/
• GitHub Repo: https://github.com/gradle/gradle

JDK

OpenJDK

Java Development Kit

• GitHub Repo: https://github.com/openjdk/jdk
• JDK main-line development: https://openjdk.org/projects/jdk

Kotlin

• Website: https://kotlinlang.org/
• Documentation: https://kotlinlang.org/docs/home.html
• GitHub Repo: https://github.com/JetBrains/kotlin

Go

The Go programming language.

• Website: https://go.dev/
• GitHub Repo: https://github.com/golang/go
• Standard library: https://pkg.go.dev/std

Go Lang Ecosystem

Dependency Management

Go Modules

• Documentation:
  • Using Go Modules: https://go.dev/blog/using-go-modules
  • Managing dependencies: https://go.dev/doc/modules/managing-dependencies

JavaScript

• Documentation: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript

JavaScript Ecosystem

Dependency Management

Repository: https://www.npmjs.com/

npm

The package manager for JavaScript

• Website: https://www.npmjs.com/
• Documentation: https://docs.npmjs.com/
• GitHub Repo: https://github.com/npm/cli

yarn

Fast, reliable, and secure dependency management.

• Website: https://yarnpkg.com/
• Documentation: https://yarnpkg.com/getting-started
• GitHub Repo: https://github.com/yarnpkg/berry

pnpm

Fast, disk space efficient package manager

• Website: https://pnpm.io/
• Documentation: https://pnpm.io/motivation
• GitHub Repo: https://github.com/pnpm/pnpm

cnpm

Private NPM Registry for self-host.

• GitHub Repo: https://github.com/cnpm/cnpmcore

Engine

QuickJS

• Website: https://bellard.org/quickjs/
• GitHub Repo: https://github.com/bellard/quickjs

QuickJS-NG

• Website: https://quickjs-ng.github.io/quickjs/
• GitHub Repo: https://github.com/quickjs-ng/quickjs

Runtime

Node.js

• Website: https://nodejs.org/
• GitHub Repo: https://github.com/nodejs/node

Bun

• Website: https://bun.sh/
• GitHub Repo: https://github.com/oven-sh/bun

Deno

• Website: https://deno.com/
• GitHub Repo: https://github.com/denoland/deno/

Framework

Vue

• Website: https://vuejs.org/
• GitHub Repo: https://github.com/vuejs/

Type

TypeScript

TypeScript is JavaScript with syntax for types.

• Website: https://www.typescriptlang.org/
• Documentation: https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/
• GitHub Repo: https://github.com/microsoft/TypeScript

.NET Runtime

.NET is a cross-platform runtime for cloud, mobile, desktop, and IoT apps.

• Documentation: docs.microsoft.com/dotnet/core/
• GitHub Repo: https://github.com/dotnet/runtime

C#

用于生成所有应用的现代化、创新开放源代码编程语言。

• Website: https://dotnet.microsoft.com/zh-cn/languages/csharp
• Documentation: https://learn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/dotnet/csharp/
• GitHub Repo: https://github.com/dotnet/csharplang

F#

一种开放源代码语言，利用它可轻松编写简洁、可靠且性能出色的代码。

• Website: https://dotnet.microsoft.com/zh-cn/languages/fsharp
• Documentation: https://learn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/dotnet/fsharp/
• GitHub Repo: https://github.com/dotnet/fsharp

.NET Ecosystem

Dependency Management

NuGet

NuGet is the package manager for .NET.

• Website: https://www.nuget.org/
• Documentation: https://docs.microsoft.com/nuget/
• GitHub Repo: https://github.com/NuGet/NuGetGallery

Build System

MSBuild

The Microsoft Build Engine (MSBuild) is the build platform for .NET and Visual Studio.

• Documentation: https://learn.microsoft.com/visualstudio/msbuild/msbuild
• GitLab Repo: https://github.com/dotnet/msbuild

Dart

Dart 是一个易用、可移植且高效的语言，适用于在全平台开发高质量的应用程序。

• Website: https://dart.dev/, https://dart.cn/
• Documentation: https://dart.cn/language/
• GitHub Repo: https://github.com/dart-lang/

Dart Ecosystem

Dependency Management

package

Dart 生态系统使用 package 来管理共享软件

• Website: https://dart.cn/tools/pub/packages/
• Documentation: https://dart.cn/tools/pub/cmd/

PHP

The PHP Interpreter

• Website: https://www.php.net/
• Documentation: https://www.php.net/docs.php
• GitHub Repo: https://github.com/php

PHP Ecosystem

Dependency Management

Composer

A Dependency Manager for PHP

• Website: https://github.com/composer/composer
• Documentation: https://getcomposer.org/doc/
• GitHub Repo: https://github.com/composer/composer

Rust

Empowering everyone to build reliable and efficient software.

• Website: https://www.rust-lang.org/
• Documentation: https://www.rust-lang.org/learn
• Tools: https://www.rust-lang.org/tools
• GitHub Repo: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust

Rust Ecosystem

Dependency Management

Cargo

The Rust package manager

• Documentation: https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo
• GitHub Repo: https://github.com/rust-lang/cargo

C & C++

C language family Ecosystem

Dependency Management

Conan

Conan - The open-source C and C++ package manager

• Website: https://conan.io/
• Documentation: https://docs.conan.io/
• GitHub Repo: https://github.com/conan-io/conan

vcpkg

C++ Library Manager for Windows, Linux, and MacOS vcpkg is a free and open-source C/C++ package manager maintained by Microsoft and the C++ community.

• GitHub Repo: https://github.com/microsoft/vcpkg

Cabin

C++ package manager and build system

• Website: https://cabinpkg.com/
• Documentation: https://docs.cabinpkg.com/
• GitHub Repo: https://github.com/cabinpkg/cabin

clib

Package manager for the C programming language.

• GitHub Repo: https://github.com/clibs/clib

Compiler

MSVC (Microsoft Visual C++)

由微软开发，主要用于Windows平台应用程序的开发。Visual Studio系列IDE默认集成了该编译器

• Platfrom: Windows

GCC (GNU Compiler Collection)

开源编译器，支持多种平台，Linux下C++开发一般默认会使用此编译器

• Homepage: https://gcc.gnu.org/
• Platfrom: Windows, Linux, macOS

Clang (Clang / Low Level Virtual Machine)

LLVM项目的一部分，提供高效的编译性能。macOS的XCode工具默认集成了此编译器

• Homepage: https://clang.llvm.org/
• Platfrom: Windows, Linux, macOS

Build System

CMake

CMake is a cross-platform, open-source build system generator.

• Website: https://cmake.org/
• Documentation: https://cmake.org/documentation/
• GitLab Repo: https://gitlab.kitware.com/cmake/cmake

Zig

• Website: https://ziglang.org/zh-CN/
• Documentation: https://github.com/ziglang/zig
• GitHub Repo: https://github.com/ziglang/zig

Ruby

Ruby is an interpreted object-oriented programming language often used for web development. It also offers many scripting features to process plain text and serialized files, or manage system tasks. It is simple, straightforward, and extensible.

• Website: https://www.ruby-lang.org/
• Documentation: https://www.ruby-lang.org/zh_cn/documentation/
• GitHub Repo: https://github.com/ruby/ruby

Ruby Ecosystem

Dependency Management

RubyGems

RubyGems.org 是 Ruby 社区的 Gem 托管服务。

• Website: https://rubygems.org/
• GitHub Repo: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems.org

Mojo (Modular Platform)

Powerful CPU+GPU Programming

• Website: https://www.modular.com/mojo
• Documentation: https://docs.modular.com/
• GitHub Repo: https://github.com/modular/modular

Mojo Ecosystem

Dependency Management

Magic (环境与包管理工具)

Modular 开发的虚拟环境及包管理工具，可同时用于管理 Python 和 Mojo 的虚拟环境，并接入了 Conda 和 Pypi 生态

• Mojo包格式 (.mojopkg)

Build System

Bazel 构建系统

Mojo 项目使用 Bazel 作为构建系统，提供高效的依赖管理和构建流程

小众编程语言

凹语言 (China)

• Documentation: https://wa-lang.org/
• GitHub Repo: https://github.com/wa-lang/wa/
• Gitee Repo: https://gitee.com/wa-lang/wa

Key Lang (China)

目标是最精致的编程语言

• Documentation: https://docs.subkey.top/guide/readme
• GitHub Repo: https://github.com/Bylx666/key-lang

凸语言 / tu-lang (China)

• GitHub Repo: https://github.com/tu-lang/tu

豫言 (China)

一款函数式中文编程语言

• Website: https://yuyan-lang.github.io/yuyan/
• GitHub Repo: https://github.com/yuyan-lang/yuyan

洛书编程语言 / LOSU (China)

• Website: https://losu.tech/index-new/
• Documentation: https://losu.tech/wiki/readme.md
• Gitee Repo: https://gitee.com/chen-chaochen/lpk

Z语言 (China)

Z语言是一门面向个人的、专注于学习和分享的编程语言。

• Gitee Repo: https://gitee.com/z-lang/zc
• Z语言炼成记: https://gitee.com/z-lang/devlog

Koral (China)

Koral 是一个专注于效率的开源编程语言，它可以帮你轻松构建跨平台软件。

• Documentation: https://github.com/kulics/koral/blob/master/docs/book-zh/document.md
• GitHub Repo: https://github.com/kulics/koral

Deeplang (China)

Deeplang 语言是一种自制编程语言，面向IoT场景

• Website: https://deeplang.org/
• GitHub Repo: https://github.com/deeplang-org/deeplang

Aya

A proof assistant designed for formalizing math and type-directed programming.

• Website: https://www.aya-prover.org/
• GitHub Repo: https://github.com/aya-prover/aya-dev

MoonBit (China)

MoonBit 是一个端到端的编程语言工具链，用于云和边缘计算，使用 WebAssembly。

• Documentation: https://docs.moonbitlang.cn/
• GitHub Repo: https://github.com/moonbitlang

智锐 / Covariant (China)

Covariant Script is an open source, cross-platform programming language.

• Website: https://covscript.org.cn/
• GitHub Repo: https://github.com/covscript/covscript

Calcit (China)

Indentation-based ClojureScript dialect in Rust and compiling to JavaScript ES Modules

• Website: https://calcit-lang.org/
• GitHub Repo: https://github.com/calcit-lang/calcit/

个人练手语言

Rio (China)（半成品）

• 小红书: https://www.xiaohongshu.com/user/profile/61b75b860000000010004bdd
• GitHub Repo: https://github.com/RestRegular/RVM

SimpleLang (China)（半成品；已停更）

A compiler for SimpleLang which is a modern language.

• GitHub Repo: https://github.com/jadedrip/simpleLang

新兴编程语言

方舟编程语言 / ArkTS (China)

• Documentation:
  • ArkTS 语言介绍: https://developer.huawei.com/consumer/cn/doc/harmonyos-guides/introduction-to-arkts
  • ArkTS（方舟编程语言）: https://developer.huawei.com/consumer/cn/doc/harmonyos-guides-V13/arkts-V13

仓颉 (China)

• Website: https://cangjie-lang.cn/
• Documentation: https://cangjie-lang.cn/docs
• Gitcode Repo: https://gitcode.com/Cangjie-TPC

KCL

KCL is an open-source constraint-based record & functional language mainly used in configuration and policy scenarios.

• Website: https://www.kcl-lang.io/
• Documentation: https://www.kcl-lang.io/docs/user_docs/getting-started/
• GitHub Repo: https://github.com/kcl-lang/kcl

NASL (DSL) (China)

NASL 是网易 CodeWave 智能开发平台用于描述 Web 应用的领域特定语言

• Website: https://nasl.codewave.163.com/

其他

PLOC (Programming Language Open Community)

• Website: https://www.ploc.org.cn/ploc/
• Gitee Repo: https://gitee.com/ploc-org
• 国产编程语言蓝皮书: https://gitee.com/ploc-org/CNPL-2023